Examples

This directory contains an end-to-end example of using Pact in Python. While this document and the documentation within the examples themselves are intended to be mostly self-contained, it is highly recommended that you read the Pact Documentation as well.

Assuming you have hatch installed, the example suite can be executed with:

hatch run example

The code within the examples is intended to be well-documented and you are encouraged to look through the code as well (or submit a PR if anything is unclear!).

Overview

Pact is a contract testing tool. Contract testing is a way to ensure that services (such as an API provider and a client) can communicate with each other. This example focuses on HTTP interactions, but Pact can be used to test more general interactions as well such as through message queues.

An interaction between a HTTP client (the consumer) and a server (the provider) would typically look like this:

sequenceDiagram
    participant Consumer
    participant Provider
    Consumer ->> Provider: GET /users/123
    Provider ->> Consumer: 200 OK
    Consumer ->> Provider: GET /users/999
    Provider ->> Consumer: 404 Not Found

To test this interaction naively would require both the consumer and provider to be running at the same time. While this is straightforward in the above example, this quickly becomes impractical as the number of interactions grows between many microservices. Pact solves this by allowing the consumer and provider to be tested independently.

Pact achieves this by mocking the other side of the interaction:

sequenceDiagram
    box Consumer Side
        participant Consumer
        participant P1 as Pact
    end
    box Provider Side
        participant P2 as Pact
        participant Provider
    end
    Consumer->>P1: GET /users/123
    P1->>Consumer: 200 OK
    Consumer->>P1: GET /users/999
    P1->>Consumer: 404 Not Found

    P1--)P2: Pact Broker

    P2->>Provider: GET /users/123
    Provider->>P2: 200 OK
    P2->>Provider: GET /users/999
    Provider->>P2: 404 Not Found

In the first stage, the consumer defines a number of interactions in the form below. Pact sets up a mock server that will respond to the requests as defined by the consumer. All these interactions, containing both the request and expected response, are sent to the Pact Broker.

Given {provider state}
Upon receiving {description}
With {request}
Will respond with {response}

In the second stage, the provider retrieves the interactions from the Pact Broker. It then sets up a mock client that will make the requests as defined by the consumer. Pact then verifies that the responses from the provider match the expected responses defined by the consumer.

In this way, Pact is consumer-driven and can ensure that the provider is compatible with the consumer. While this example showcases both sides in Python, this is absolutely not required. The provider could be written in any language, and satisfy contracts from a number of consumers all written in different languages.

Consumer

The consumer in this example is a simple Python script that makes a HTTP GET request to a server. It is defined in [src/consumer.py][examples.v2.src.consumer]. The tests for the consumer are defined in [tests/test_00_consumer.py][examples.tests.test_00_consumer]. Each interaction is defined using the format mentioned above. Programmatically, this looks like:

expected: dict[str, Any] = {
    "id": Format().integer,
    "name": "Verna Hampton",
    "created_on": Format().iso_8601_datetime(),
}
(
    pact.given("user 123 exists")
    .upon_receiving("a request for user 123")
    .with_request("get", "/users/123")
    .will_respond_with(200, body=Like(expected))
)
# Code that makes the request to the server

Provider

This example showcases two different providers; one written in Flask and one written in FastAPI. Both are simple Python web servers that respond to a HTTP GET request. The Flask provider is defined in [src/flask.py][examples.v2.src.flask] and the FastAPI provider is defined in [src/fastapi.py][examples.v2.src.fastapi]. The tests for the providers are defined in [tests/test_01_provider_flask.py][examples.tests.test_01_provider_flask] and [tests/test_01_provider_fastapi.py][examples.tests.test_01_provider_fastapi].

Unlike the consumer side, the provider side is responsible for responding to the interactions defined by the consumers. In this regard, the provider testing is rather simple:

code, _ = verifier.verify_with_broker(
    broker_url=str(broker),
    published_verification_results=True,
    provider_states_setup_url=str(PROVIDER_URL / "_pact" / "provider_states"),
)
assert code == 0

The complication comes from the fact that the provider needs to know what state to be in before responding to the request. In order to achieve this, a testing endpoint is defined that sets the state of the provider as defined in the provider_states_setup_url above. For example, the consumer requests has Given user 123 exists as the provider state, and the provider will need to ensure that this state is satisfied. This would typically entail setting up a database with the correct data, but it is advisable to achieve the equivalent state by mocking the appropriate calls. This has been showcased in both provider examples.

Broker

The broker acts as the intermediary between these test suites. It stores the interactions defined by the consumer and makes them available to the provider. Once the provider has verified that it satisfies all interactions, the broker also stores the verification results. The example here runs the open source broker within a Docker container. An alternative is to use the hosted Pactflow service.